Title: Design of Extruder Sizing Tool for Large Format Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Emily Piatt, Botao Zhang, Navaneeth Chandran, Sam Anand
DOI: 10.33599/nasampe/s.25.0040
Abstract: With the introduction of larger machines into the additive manufacturing industry, many companies attempting to adopt the technology can be overwhelmed with the number of choices in machine and extrusion type. Large Format Additive Manufacturing (LFAM) has gained traction in several industries, but what end users should be looking for in a machine can vary greatly by application. Part size, material, and feature complexity can all play a large role in the selection process. When it comes to the sizing of these machines for a specific application, the extruder type and sizing play the largest role in determining the type and cost of the machine required. Although there are several extrusion methods in the industry, the two main methods for plastic extrusion remain Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) for small scale applications and Fused Granulate Fabrication (FGF) for large scale applications. This paper analyzes the application differences between the two main extrusion methods and uses them to create a software tool that recommends the size and type of extruder required for a specific application. The sizing tool was validated by applying it to different use cases and demonstrating that it can be used for a wide range of applications.
References: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] V. Gribniak, Special Issue “Advanced Composites: From Materials Characterization to Structural Application,” Materials 2020, Vol. 13, Page 5820 13 (2020) 5820. D.K. Rajak, D.D. Pagar, P.L. Menezes, E. Linul, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications, Polymers 2019, Vol. 11, Page 1667 11 (2019) 1667. A. Rimkus, M.M. Farh, V. Gribniak, Continuously Reinforced Polymeric Composite for Additive Manufacturing—Development and Efficiency Analysis, Polymers 2022, Vol. 14, Page 3471 14 (2022) 3471. I. Gibson, D. Rosen, B. Stucker, M. Khorasani, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, 3rd ed., Springer, 2021. R. Singh, H.K. Garg, Fused Deposition Modeling – A State of Art Review and Future Applications, Encyclopedia of Smart Materials (2016) 270–288. A. Bhatia, A.K. Sehgal, Additive manufacturing materials, methods and applications: A review, in: Mater Today Proc, Elsevier Ltd, 2021: pp. 1060–1067. M. Ivey, G.W. Melenka, J.P. Carey, C. Ayranci, Characterizing short-fiber-reinforced composites produced using additive manufacturing, Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer and Composites Science 3 (2017) 81–91. V. Shanmugam, D.J.J. Rajendran, K. Babu, S. Rajendran, A. Veerasimman, U. Marimuthu, S. Singh, O. Das, R.E. Neisiany, M.S. Hedenqvist, F. Berto, S. Ramakrishna, The mechanical testing and performance analysis of polymer-fibre composites prepared through the additive manufacturing, Polym Test 93 (2021) 106925. S. Alam, M.T. Hassan, J. Merrell, J. Lee, Comparative Analysis of Water-Induced Response in 3D-Printed SCF/ABS Composites under Controlled Diffusion, SAMPE JOURNAL 60 (2024). [10] I. Gibson, D.W. Rosen, B. Stucker, Sheet Lamination Processes, in: Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Springer US, 2010: pp. 223–252. [11] M. Salmi, I. Flores Ituarte, S. Chekurov, E. Huotilainen, Effect of build orientation in 3D printing production for material extrusion, material jetting, binder jetting, sheet object lamination, vat photopolymerisation, and powder bed fusion, 2016. [12] G.D. Goh, Y.L. Yap, S. Agarwala, W.Y. Yeong, Recent Progress in Additive Manufacturing of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite, Adv Mater Technol 4 (2019). [13] M. Molitch-Hou, Overview of additive manufacturing process, in: Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, Quantifications and Applications, Elsevier, 2018: pp. 1–38. [14] Impossible Objects, CBAM Industrial-Grade 3D Printing Composite Materials, Https://Impossible-Objects.Com (2024). https://impossible-objects.com/materials/ (accessed December 23, 2024). [15] D. Young, B. Vondrasek, M. Czabaj, Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Composites-Based Sheet Lamination Additive Manufacturing Process, in: Proceedings of the American Society for Composites 37th Annual Technical Conference, American Society for Composites, 2022. [16] C. Bivens, A. Wood, D. Ruble, M. Rangapuram, S.K. Dasari, K. Chandrashekhara, J. DeGrange, Additively Manufactured Carbon Fiber- Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Mold Plates for Injection Molding Process, Applied Composite Materials 30 (2023) 15691586. [17] I. Amenabar, F. Lopez, A. Mendikute, In introductory review to THz non-destructive testing of composite mater, J Infrared Millim Terahertz Waves 34 (2013) 152–169. [18] Z. Quan, Z. Larimore, X. Qin, J. Yu, M. Mirotznik, J.H. Byun, Y. Oh, T.W. Chou, Microstructural characterization of additively manufactured multi-directional preforms and composites via X-ray micro-computed tomography, Compos Sci Technol 131 (2016) 48–60. [19] I. Ezzaraa, N. Ayrilmis, M.K. Kuzman, S. Belhouideg, J. Bengourram, Micromechanical models for predicting the mechanical properties of 3D-printed wood/PLA composite materials: A comparison with experimental data, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures 29 (2022) 6755–6767. [20] M. Lei, Y. Wang, Q. Wei, M. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Wang, Micromechanical modeling and numerical homogenization calculation of effective stiffness of 3D printing PLA/CF composites, J Manuf Process 102 (2023) 37–49. [21] W. Voigt, Ueber die Beziehung zwischen den beiden Elasticitätsconstanten isotroper Körper, Ann Phys 274 (1889) 573–587. [22] A. Reuss, Berechnung der Fließgrenze von Mischkristallen auf Grund der Plastizitätsbedingung für Einkristalle ., ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Mathematik Und Mechanik 9 (1929) 49–58. [23] T. Mori, K. Tanaka, Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions, Acta Metallurgica 21 (1973) 571–574. [24] Y.C. Kim, H.K. Jang, G. Joo, J.H. Kim, A Comparative Study of Micromechanical Analysis Models for Determining the Effective Properties of Out-of-Autoclave Carbon Fiber–Epoxy Composites, Polymers 2024, Vol. 16, Page 1094 16 (2024) 1094. [25] Jacob. Aboudi, S.M.. Arnold, B.A.. Bednarcyk, Practical micromechanics of composite materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2021. [26] L.T. Harper, C. Qian, T.A. Turner, S. Li, N.A. Warrior, Representative volume elements for discontinuous carbon fibre composites – Part 1: Boundary conditions, Compos Sci Technol 72 (2012) 225–234. [27] C.T. Sun, R.S. Vaidya, Prediction of composite properties from a representative volume element, Compos Sci Technol 56 (1996) 171–179. [28] Q. Luo, D. Liu, P. Qiao, Z. Zhou, Y. Zhao, L. Sun, Micro-CT-based micromechanics and numerical homogenization for effective elastic property of ultra-high performance concrete, International Journal of Damage Mechanics 29 (2020) 45–66. [29] Y. Huang, D. Yan, Z. Yang, G. Liu, 2D and 3D homogenization and fracture analysis of concrete based on in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography images and Monte Carlo simulations, Eng Fract Mech 163 (2016) 37–54. [30] M.S. Anoop, P. Senthil, Homogenisation of elastic properties in FDM components using microscale RVE numerical analysis, Volume 41, Issue 12 41 (540). [31] I. Guven, K. Cinar, Micromechanical modeling of particulate-filled composites using micro-CT to create representative volume elements, International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design 15 (2019) 695–714. [32] A. Gupta, S. Hasanov, I. Fidan, Z. Zhang, Homogenized modeling approach for effective property prediction of 3D-printed short fibers reinforced polymer matrix composite material, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 118 (2022) 41614178. [33] D. Dhar, A. Jain, Improved micromechanical prediction of short fibre reinforced composites using differential Mori-Tanaka homogenization, Mechanics of Materials 185 (2023) 104768. [34] A. Parsaee, M.M. Shokrieh, M. Mondali, A micro–macro homogenization scheme for elastic composites containing high volume fraction multi-shape inclusions, Comput Mater Sci 121 (2016) 217–224. [35] J. Douglas Eshelby, B.J. D EsHELBY, The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems The determination of the elastic field of an elli p soidal inclusion, and related p roblems, Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci (1957) 241. [36] Abaqus Finite Element Analysis | SIMULIA - Dassault Systèmes, (2024). https://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/abaqus (accessed December 28, 2024). [37] D695 Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics, (2024). https://www.astm.org/standards/d695 (accessed December 28, 2024). [38] S. Alam, D. Young, D.H. Sung, J. Lee, Microstructural Characterization of Sheet Lamination-Based Additively Manufactured Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites, in: SAMPE Conference Proceedings, 2025. [39] AX / AX R with NSPARC | Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopes | Microscope Products | Nikon Instruments Inc., (2024). https://www.microscope.healthcare.nikon.com/products (accessed December 28, 2024). [40] VGSTUDIO MAX - volumegraphics.com, (2024). https://www.volumegraphics.com/en/products/vgsm.html (accessed December 28, 2024). [41] Home - Dragonfly, (2024). https://dragonfly.comet.tech/ (accessed December 28, 2024). [42] Autodesk Fusion | 3D CAD, CAM, CAE, & PCB Cloud-Based Software | Autodesk, (2024). https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/overview?term=1YEAR&tab=subscription (accessed December 28, 2024). [43] W. Wu, J. Owino, A. Al-Ostaz, L. Cai, Applying Periodic Boundary Conditions in Finite Element Analysis, 2014. [44] W. Tian, L. Qi, X. Chao, J. Liang, M. Fu, Periodic boundary condition and its numerical implementation algorithm for the evaluation of effective mechanical properties of the composites with complicated micro-structures, Compos B Eng 162 (2019) 1–10. [45] A. Jain, Modified Mori-Tanaka Methods for Damage Modeling of Short Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 2019. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335620296.
Conference: SAMPE 2025
Publication Date: 2025/05/19
SKU: TP25-0000000040
Pages: 15
Price: $30.00
Get This Paper